[Etiology of bacterial pneumonias in patients with COVID-19]. / Etiología de neumonías bacterianas en pacientes con COVID-19.

Background: Aggregate bacterial pneumonia plays a fundamental role in mortality of patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Objective: To estimate the association of aggregated bacterial pneumonia with mortality in patients at Hospital Especialidades "La Raza". Material and methods: Analytical cross-sectional study, 252 COVID-19 patients, chest x-ray and culture of bronchial secretion or expectoration. Data taken from the SIOC electronic file and the IZASAlab platform. Results: 252 participants, positive culture, 89 patients, 35.3%, isolation of K. pneumoniae (22.5%), A. baumannii (20.2%), P. aeruginosa (13.5%) and S. aureus (11.2%), antimicrobial resistance 37.1%. 43.7% died, lung damage greater than 50% RMa 2.25 (95% CI 1.01-5.11) p=0.04 against minor lung damage; microorganism in culture RMa 9.04 (95% CI 3.06-26.74) p=0.000; antimicrobial resistance RMa 7.57 (95% CI 1.34-42.79) p=0.02; S. aureus RMa 1.24 (95% CI 0.36-4.23) p=0.73; A. baumannii RMa 3.74 (95% CI 1.41-9.91) p=0.008; K. pneumoniae RMa 4.12 (95% CI 1.55-10.97) p=0.005; and P. aeruginosa RMa 6.89 (95% CI 1.62-17.61) p=0.01. Uncontrolled Diabetes RMa 1.61 (IC95% 1.1-2.9) p=0.018. Conclusions: The development of added bacterial pneumonia increases the probability of death 2 times more, it amounts to 6 times more if there is antimicrobial resistance, it is observed to a greater extent for A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa.

Introducción: la neumonía bacteriana agregada en pacientes COVID-19 tiene un papel determinante en la mortalidad hospitalaria. Objetivo: estimar la asociación de neumonía bacteriana agregada con la mortalidad de pacientes COVID-19 en el Hospital Especialidades de "La Raza". Material y métodos: estudio transversal analítico con 252 pacientes con COVID-19; se obtuvieron los datos del expediente electrónico y plataforma IZASAlab, se tomó Rx de tórax y cultivo de secreción bronquial o expectoración. Resultados: de 252 participantes resultó cultivo positivo en 89 pacientes (35.3%), aislamiento de K. pneumoniae (22.5%), A. baumannii (20.2%), P. aeruginosa (13.5%) y S. aureus (11.2%); hubo resistencia antimicrobiana en 37.1% y fallecieron 43.7%. El daño pulmonar mayor al 50% en la Rx de tórax tuvo RMa 2.25 (IC95%: 1.01-5.11) p = 0.04 para mortalidad; cultivo positivo RMa 9.04 (IC95%: 3.06-26.74) p = 0.000; resistencia antimicrobiana RMa 7.57 (IC95%: 1.34-42.79) p = 0.02; S. aureus RMa 1.24 (IC95%: 0.36-4.23) p = 0.73; A. baumannii RMa 3.74 (IC95%: 1.41-9.91) p = 0.008; K. pneumoniae RMa 4.12 (IC95%: 1.55-10.97) p = 0.005, y P. aeruginosa RMa 6.89 (IC95%: 1.62-17.61) p = 0.01. Diabetes Mellitus descontrolada RMa 1.61 (IC95%: 1.1-2.9) p = 0.018. Conclusiones: el desarrollo neumonía bacteriana agregada en pacientes COVID-19 incrementa dos veces más la probabilidad de muerte y seis veces más si existe resistencia antimicrobiana de A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae o P. aeruginosa.

[Factors associated to death in patients hospitalized due to COVID-19]. / Factores asociados a defunción en pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 virus was notified by the World Health Organization in January 2020 as a global emergency, due to its intense transmission, and clinical picture, that is aggravated in susceptible people. OBJECTIVE: To describe the factors associated with death in COVID-19 and pneumonia patients hospitalized in a thirdlevel center. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An undivided case-control study was carried out. It was conducted an interview to obtain general information; from the medical record were collected hospitalization data, radiological images, laboratory parameters, and treatments used. It was used descriptive statistics. Student's t, Mann-Whitney U, and chi-squared were used to identify variables associated with death, and models of adjusted binary logistic regression to propose which variables of the patient's history, clinical parameters and treatments explained the death. RESULTS: We treated 5339 patients with suspicion of COVID-19: 3117 positive (59%), 1029 hospitalized due to pneumonia, and 513 deaths (16.46%). For the analysis, 1110 patients were taken, 399 death cases were selected and 357 controls discharged due to improvement. The average age was 57.8 years; 59% were male. CONCLUSIONS: The variables associated with mortality were: patients older than 40 years, chest radiography image > 50% involvement, intubation, lactic dehydrogenase > 500, C-reactive protein > 10, and organ failure; variables associated with improvement were: stay in the intensive care unit, use of broad spectrum parenteral antibiotics, steroids, and use of the anticoagulant enoxyheparin. Sex, diabetes, and comorbidities did not show significant association.

INTRODUCCIÓN: el SARS-CoV-2 fue notificado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud en enero de 2020 como emergencia mundial debido a su intenso contagio y cuadro clínico, que se agrava en personas susceptibles. OBJETIVO: describir factores asociados a defunción en pacientes con COVID-19 y neumonía hospitalizados en tercer nivel. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: estudio de casos y controles no pareado. Se obtuvo información general mediante entrevista; del expediente se tomaron datos de hospitalización, imágenes radiológicas, parámetros de laboratorio y tratamientos. Se empleó estadística descriptiva, t de student, U de Mann-Whitney y chi cuadrada para identificar variables asociadas a defunción, y modelos de regresión logística binaria ajustada para proponer variables de antecedentes del paciente, parámetros clínicos y tratamientos que explicaran la defunción. RESULTADOS: atendimos 5339 pacientes sospechosos de COVID-19: 3117 positivos (59%), 1029 hospitalizados por neumonía y 513 defunciones (16.46%). Para el análisis, se tomaron 1110, se seleccionaron 399 casos de defunción y 357 controles egresados por mejoría. La edad promedio fue 57.8 años; 59% fueron hombres. CONCLUSIONES: las variables asociadas a mortalidad fueron: mayores de 40 años, radiografía de tórax > 50% de afectación, intubación, deshidrogenasa láctica > 500, proteína C reactiva > 10 e insuficiencia orgánica; las asociadas a mejoría: estancia en unidad de cuidados intensivos, uso de antibióticos parenterales de amplio espectro, esteroides y anticoagulante enoxiheparina. El sexo, la diabetes y las comorbilidades no mostraron asociación.

Factores asociados a defunción en pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 / Factors associated to death in patients hospitalized due to COVID-19

Introducción: el SARS-CoV-2 fue notificado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud en enero de 2020 como emergencia mundial debido a su intenso contagio y cuadro clínico, que se agrava en personas susceptibles. Objetivo: describir factores asociados a defunción en pacientes con COVID-19 y neumonía hospitalizados en tercer nivel.Material y métodos: estudio de casos y controles no pareado. Se obtuvo información general mediante entrevista; del expediente se tomaron datos de hospitalización, imágenes radiológicas, parámetros de laboratorio y tratamientos. Se empleó estadística descriptiva, t de student, U de Mann-Whitney y chi cuadrada para identificar variables asociadas a defunción, y modelos de regresión logística binaria ajustada para proponer variables de antecedentes del paciente, parámetros clínicos y tratamientos que explicaran la defunción.Resultados: atendimos 5339 pacientes sospechosos de COVID-19: 3117 positivos (59%), 1029 hospitalizados por neumonía y 513 defunciones (16.46%). Para el análisis, se tomaron 1110, se seleccionaron 399 casos de defunción y 357 controles egresados por mejoría. La edad promedio fue 57.8 años; 59% fueron hombres. La estancia hospitalaria en casos fue 9.8 (DE 10.9) y en controles 12.5 (DE 10.2).Conclusiones: las variables asociadas a mortalidad fueron: mayores de 40 años, radiografía de tórax > 50% de afectación, intubación, deshidrogenasa láctica > 500, proteína C reactiva > 10 e insuficiencia orgánica; las asociadas a mejoría: estancia en unidad de cuidados intensivos, uso de antibióticos parenterales de amplio espectro, esteroides y anticoagulante enoxiheparina. El sexo, la diabetes y las comorbilidades no mostraron asociación.

Background: SARS-CoV-2 virus was notified by the World Health Organization in January 2020 as a global emergency, due to its intense transmission, and the clinical picture, that is aggravated in susceptible people.Objective: To describe the factors associated with death in COVID-19 and pneumonia patients hospitalized in a third-level center. Material and methods: An undivided case-control study was conducted. It was conducted an interview to obtain general information; from the medical record were collected hospitalization data, radiological images, laboratory parameters, and treatments used. It was used descriptive statistics. Student's t, Mann-Whitney U, and chi-squared were used to identify variables associated with death, and models of adjusted binary logistic regression to propose which variables of the patient's history, clinical parameters and treatments explained the death. Results: We treated 5339 patients with suspicion of COVID-19: 3117 positive (59%), 1029 hospitalized due to pneumonia, and 513 deaths (16.46%). For the analysis, 1110 patients were taken, 399 death cases were selected and 357 controls discharged due to improvement. The average age was 57.8 years; 59% were male. The hospital stay in cases was 9.8 (SD 10.9), and in controls 12.5 (SD 10.2). Conclusions: The variables associated with mortality were: patients older than 40 years, chest radiography image > 50% involvement, intubation, lactic dehydrogenase > 500, C-reactive protein > 10, and organ failure; variables associated with improvement were: stay in the intensive care unit, use of broad spectrum parenteral antibiotics, steroids, and use of the anticoagulant enoxyheparin. Sex, diabetes, and comorbidities did not show significant association.

Association of depression and anxiety with characteristics related to the training of medical residents / Asociación de depresión y ansiedad con características relacionadas con el adiestramiento de médicos residentes

Abstract Introduction Higher rates of depression and anxiety have been reported in resident physicians compared to the general population. The association with characteristics related to training has been poorly studied. Objective To know the association of depression and anxiety with characteristics related to training in a group in medical residents. Method 542 resident physicians of different grade and specialty were included. They answered the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview to identify depression and anxiety. The training characteristics evaluated were: work performance; use of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs; grade of residence; frequency of guards; type of specialty; and emotional exhaustion. Other factors assessed by their possible association were: personal antecedent of depression and/or anxiety and presence of any medical illness. Results 277 women and 265 men with an average age of 28 were evaluated. The prevalence of depression and anxiety found was 12.2% and 47.1%, respectively, and was associated with work fatigue, decreased socio-labor performance, emotional exhaustion, harmful alcohol consumption, and personal history of depression and/or anxiety. Discussion and conclusion There are training-related characteristics that could promote depression and anxiety in physicians vulnerable to depression and/or anxiety.

Resumen Introducción Se han reportado más altas tasas de depresión y ansiedad en médicos residentes que en la población en general. La asociación con características relacionadas con el adiestramiento ha sido poco estudiada. Objetivo Conocer la asociación de depresión y ansiedad con características relacionadas con el adiestramiento en un grupo de médicos residentes. Método Se incluyeron 542 médicos residentes de diferente grado y especialidad. Se les aplicó la Mini Entrevista Neuropsiquiátrica Internacional para identificar depresión y ansiedad. Las características relacionadas con el adiestramiento que se evaluaron fueron: fatiga laboral y reducción del desempeño laboral por sueño insatisfactorio; consumo de tabaco, alcohol y drogas; año de residencia; frecuencia de guardias; tipo de especialidad y agotamiento emocional. Otros factores evaluados por su posible asociación fueron: antecedente personal de depresión y/o ansiedad y presencia de cualquier enfermedad médica. Resultados Se evaluaron 277 mujeres y 265 hombres con edad media de 28 años; la prevalencia de depresión y ansiedad encontrada fue de 12.2% y 47.1%, respectivamente, y se asoció con fatiga laboral, disminución del desempeño socio laboral, agotamiento emocional, consumo perjudicial de alcohol y antecedente personal de depresión y/o ansiedad. Discusión y conclusión Existen características relacionadas con el adiestramiento que pudieran favorecer la presencia de depresión y ansiedad en médicos residentes vulnerables por el antecedente de depresión y/o ansiedad.

Asthma control and quality of life of asthmatic children and their caregivers. / Control del asma y calidad de vida en niños asmáticos y sus cuidadores.

BACKGROUND: Uncontrolled asthma impacts on quality of life of patients, but also in the one of caregivers; therefore, adequate asthma control is the main goal in the treatment of asthma. OBJECTIVE: To assess how the asthma control and other environmental factors are associated to the quality of life in asthmatic children and their caregivers. METHOD: The Asthma Control Test was administered to patients, and a questionnaire on quality of life was given to patients and their caregivers. Odds ratio prevalence (ORP) association of demographic and environmental factors, use of medications, among other factors, was estimated. RESULTS: 431 patients were included, with an average age of 10.55 years, and 65.2% were males. 93% of caregivers were women. Patients had a prevalence of poor quality of life of 57.3%, associated with inappropriate drugs use (ORP: 23.05; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.54-345.16), and uncontrolled asthma (ORP: 6.8; 95% CI: 3.48-13.5). There was poor quality of life in 73.3% of caregivers, associated with female gender and patient's poor quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: We observed poor quality of life in over half of the patients, mainly associated to an inadequate use of medications and uncontrolled asthma. In caregivers the poor quality of life was related to female gender and to patient's poor quality of life.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El asma no controlada impacta en la calidad de vida de los pacientes, pero también en la de los cuidadores; por ello, el control adecuado del asma es la meta principal del tratamiento. OBJETIVO: Evaluar cómo el control del asma de los niños asmáticos y otros factores ambientales influyen en la calidad de vida de los pacientes y de sus cuidadores. MÉTODO: Se aplicó el cuestionario Asthma Control Test a los pacientes y otro cuestionario sobre calidad de vida a los pacientes y a sus cuidadores. Se estimó la razón de momios de prevalencia (RMP) de factores sociodemográficos, ambientales, uso de medicamentos y otros factores. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 431 pacientes con asma, con una edad promedio de 10.55 años y el 65.2% de sexo masculino. Los cuidadores fueron mujeres en el 93% de los casos. Encontramos mala calidad de vida en el 57.3% de los pacientes, asociada principalmente con el uso inadecuado de medicamentos (RMP: 23.05; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 1.54-345.16) y el asma no controlada (RMP: 6.8; IC95%: 3.48-13.5). Hubo mala calidad de vida en el 73.3% de los cuidadores, asociada al sexo femenino y a la mala calidad de vida del paciente. CONCLUSIONES: Identificamos mala calidad de vida en la mitad de los pacientes, principalmente por el uso inadecuado de medicamentos y por el asma no controlada. La mala calidad de vida de los cuidadores se asoció al sexo femenino y a la mala calidad de vida del paciente.

Niveles de empatía y ética profesional en candidatos a sub-especialidad médica / Levels of empathy and professional ethics in candidates to Medical Graduate School

La percepción actual de una atención médica deshumanizada y de baja calidad ha cuestionado la capacidad empática y ética de los profesionales de la salud. Las investigaciones en este campo reportan fluctuaciones en estos atributos a lo largo de la formación de los médicos. Objetivo: explorar los niveles globales de empatía y ética profesional, así como los niveles de cada componente de ambos atributos, en una muestra de candidatos a subespecialidad médica. Metodología: Se incluyeron 65 residentes que solicitaron cursar subespecialidad en una unidad médica de alta especialidad. Como parte del proceso de solicitud, respondieron el Test de Empatía Cognitiva y Afectiva y la Escala de Actitudes Éticas Profesionales. Resultados:Las puntuaciones promedio de la muestra calificaron como media en empatía y como óptimas en ética profesional. La comparación por género, especialidad y competencias mostró menor empatía afectiva y mejor competencia ética en las mujeres; mayor empatía cognitiva en subespecialidades quirúrgicas; y ausencia de correlación entre las dos variables en general, y en particular por competencia. Conclusiones: Se resalta la importancia de medir las competencias particulares de cada atributo dado que la variación en competenciasespecíficas repercute en diferentes aspectos de la formación del médico, como la elección de especialidad, la selección de candidatos, la elaboración de programas académicos y el adecuado aprendizaje sobre la construcción de una efectiva relación médico-paciente

The current perception of a dehumanized medical attention and its low quality has questioned the empathic capacity and ethics of the health professionals. The research in this field reports variations in this attributes along the doctors' education. Objective: to explore the global levels of empathy and professional ethics, as well as the levels of each component of both attributes in a sample of applicants to a medical graduate program. Methodology: 65 residents that applied for graduation studies in a very specialized medical unit were included. As part of the application process, they answered the Cognitive and Affective Empathy Test and the Professional Ethical Attitudes Scale. Results: The average scores of the sample got Average in empathy and Optimal in professional ethics. The comparison by gender, specialty and competences showed less affective and better ethical competence in women, more cognitive empathy in surgical specialties, and in general an absence of correlation between the two variables and specifically by competence. Conclusions: The importance of measuring the specific competences of each attribute is highlighted given that the variation in specific competences impact in different aspects the doctor's education, as the specialty choice, the student selection, the development of academic programs and the adequate learning about the construction of an effective relation doctor-patient.

[Atrophy in the mucosa neighboring an intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma by comparing the Sydney vs. OLGA systems]. / Atrofia circundante al adenocarcinoma gástrico tipo intestinal. Rendimiento diagnóstico de Sídney y Olga.

BACKGROUND: Gastric carcinoma causes about 700 000 deaths worldwide per year. Is feasible detect it in earlier stages. The aim of this article is to assess the atrophy in the mucosa neighboring an intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma by comparing the Sydney vs. OLGA systems. METHODS: Twenty-eight individuals with intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma (Lauren) were compared with 32 non-neoplastic cases. Both groups had undergone total gastrectomy. Two pathologists made a consensus-based assessment of the atrophy in non-neoplastic corpus and antral epithelium using the Sydney and OLGA Systems. The mean, median, and distribution of the frequencies were obtained using the measuring and distribution scales of the study variables. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values, both positive and negative, for gastric cancer were calculated through the dichotomy of advanced atrophy-positive and advanced atrophy-negative scales. RESULTS: Twenty-four of the 28 cases with intestinal-type gastric carcinoma showed an advanced atrophy with the OLGA system, with a sensitivity and specificity of 77 and 85 %, respectively. Conversely, 4 of the 28 individuals showed an advanced atrophy with the Sydney system, with a sensitivity and specificity of 14 and 100 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The OLGA system has a high sensitivity and specificity (77 y 85 % respectively) for the recognition of preneoplastic changes in the mucosa neighboring a gastric carcinoma.

Introducción: el carcinoma gástrico ocasiona al año unas 700 000 muertes en el mundo. El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar la atrofia en la mucosa vecina al adenocarcinoma gástrico tipo intestinal comparando los sistemas Sídney y OLGA. Diferencias en el rendimiento diagnóstico impulsarían el empleo de alguno. Métodos: estudiamos 28 sujetos con adenocarcinoma gástrico tipo intestinal (Lauren), que comparamos con 32 casos sin neoplasia, ambos grupos con gastrectomía total. Dos patólogos evaluaron la atrofia en el epitelio de cuerpo y antro no neoplásico con los sistemas Sídney y OLGA. Se obtuvieron la media, mediana y distribución de frecuencias por escala de medición, así como la distribución de las variables del estudio. Se calculó la sensibilidad, especificidad y los valores predictivos para cáncer gástrico gracias a dicotomizar las escalas con resultado positivo y negativo para atrofia avanzada. Resultados: veinticuatro de 28 casos con adenocarcinoma gástrico tipo intestinal mostraron atrofia avanzada con OLGA con una sensibilidad y especificidad de 77 y 85 % respectivamente. Con el sistema Sídney, 4 de 28 mostraron atrofia avanzada con una sensibilidad y especificidad de 14 y 100 % respectivamente. Conclusiones: el sistema OLGA tiene elevada sensibilidad y especificidad (77 y 85 % respectivamente) para reconocer cambios preneoplásicos en la mucosa vecina al cáncer gástrico. Empero, OLGA no mostró atrofia avanzada en adenomas foveolares con displasia de alto grado, ni en adenocarcinomas en las porciones proximales del estómago.

[Renal cell carcinoma: pathological prognostic factors, staging and histopathological classification of 355 cases]. / Carcinoma de células renales: factores patológicos pronósticos, estadificación y clasificación histopatológica.

BACKGROUND: New morphologic entities for Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) that influence the prognosis have been described. Clinical staging has also undergone several modifications, the last one published in 2010 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer. The aim of this article is to determine the prevalence of histological subtypes, Fuhrman grading and clinical staging of renal cell carcinomas. METHODS: This is a retrospective, descriptive and comparative study, from January 2008 to June 2013. 355 cases of RCC were reclassified according to nuclear grading and new histopathological diagnostics and staging according to the TNM. A Kappa index was used for the diagnostic concordance and nuclear grading. RESULTS: Conventional renal cell carcinoma corresponded to 84.51 %, followed by chromophobe carcinoma and papillary. Less common subtypes were: multilocular cystic carcinoma, papillary clear cell carcinoma and others. Nuclear grading was directly related to the tumoral size and clinical staging (p < 0.001). The predominant stage was pT1b N0 M0, followed by pT3a N0 M0. CONCLUSIONS: The most frequent tumor was clear cell RCC, followed by chromophobe carcinoma and papillary carcinoma. Nuclear grading, necrosis, eosinophilic cells areas with areas of sarcomatoid and rhabdoid differentiation are prognostic factors associated with an increased aggression and risk of metastases.

Introducción: recientemente se han descrito nuevas entidades morfológicas de carcinomas de células renales (CCR) que influyen en el pronóstico. La estadificación clínica también ha sufrido modificaciones. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la prevalencia de los subtipos histológicos, el grado nuclear de Fuhrman y el estadio clínico del CCR. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y comparativo de enero de 2008 a junio de 2013. Se analizaron 355 casos de CCR, fueron reclasificados de acuerdo con el grado nuclear y nuevos diagnósticos histopatológicos (clasificación de Vancouver) y estadificados de acuerdo con el TNM. Se realizó índice de Kappa para la concordancia diagnóstica y gradación nuclear, la asociación de variables cualitativas fue comparada con chi cuadrada. Resultados: el CCR claras convencional fue del 84.5 %, seguido del cromófobo y papilar. Otros subtipos menos frecuentes fueron: el carcinoma quístico multilocular, el CCR papilar de células claras y otros. El grado nuclear estuvo directamente relacionado con el tamaño tumoral y con el estadio clínico (p < 0.001). El estadio que predomino fue el pT1b N0 M0, seguido del pT3a N0 M0. Conclusiones: el tumor más frecuente fue el CCR claras, seguido del cromófobo y papilar. El grado nuclear, necrosis, áreas eosinófilas, sarcomatoides y rabdoides son factores pronósticos asociados a mayor agresividad y riesgo de metástasis.

[Effect of pravastatine plus ezetimibe on carotid intima media thickness in patients with lupus erythematosus]. / Efecto de pravastatina más ezetimibe en el grosor intima-media carotídea en pacientes con lupus eritematoso.

BACKGROUND: Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have accelerated atherosclerosis that can be assessed by the carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) measurement. A prompt hypolipidemic treatment should be a part of the integral management. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of therapy with pravastatin plus ezetimibe on the CIMT in SLE patients. METHODS: Longitudinal, prospective, quasi-experimental trial. Out of 60 SLE patients in whom a carotid ultrasound was performed, we chose 22 with a CIMT>0.7 mm who were administered pravastatin plus ezetimibe during 6 months with determination of CIMT at the end of the study. We performed the following tests: total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, tryglicerides, C-reactive protein (CRP), liver function, muscle enzimes and glucose, basal and at the end of treatment. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon test were used. RESULTS: There were 22 women with an age of 42±6.3 years, average disease evolution 7.5±6.6 years, of whom, 18 concluded the study. Right basal CIMT was 0.829±0.1448 vs. final 0.688±0.1453, p<0.003; left CIMT was 0.820±0.1312 vs. 0.724±0.1348, p<0.004. TC 208 mg/dl vs 168 mg/dl, LDL-C 125 mg/dl vs. 72 mg/dl, p=0.0004. CRP 3.12 vs. 2.25 p=0.004. In 2 cases there were gastrointestinal, skin and muscle adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with pravastatin plus ezetimibe decreases the CIMT with improvement in the concentration of total cholesterol, LDL-C and CRP levels with good toleration.

Introducción: Los pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) cursan con ateroesclerosis acelerada que puede ser evaluada mediante el grosor íntima-media carotídea (IMC). El uso de hipolipemiantes debe ser parte de su tratamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto de la terapia con pravastatina más ezetimibe en el grosor IMC en pacientes con LES.Métodos: estudio prospectivo, longitudinal, cuasi-experimental. De 60 paciente con LES a quienes se le realizó ultrasonido carotídeo, de los cuales se eligieron a 22 con grosor IMC > 0.7 mm y se les administró pravastatina más ezetimibe durante seis meses y posteriormente se determinó el grosor IMC. Se les determinó colesterol total (CT), colesterol HDL (c-HDL), colesterol LDL (c-LDL), triglicéridos, proteína C-reactiva (PCR), pruebas de funcionamiento hepático, enzimas musculares y glucosa basales y posterior al tratamiento. Análisis estadístico: estadística descriptiva y prueba de Wilcoxon.Resultados: se incluyeron 22 mujeres con edad 42 ± 6.3 años y evolución promedio 7.5± 6.6 años, de las cuales concluyeron el estudio 18 pacientes. El grosor IMC derecha basal fue de 0.829 ± 0.1448 frente a final 0.688 ± 0.1453, p < 0.003; el izquierdo 0.820±0.1312 frente a 0.724±0.1348, p < 0.004. El CT 208 mg/dl frente a 168 mg/dl, y el c-LDL 125 mg/dl frente a 72 mg/dl, p = 0.0004. Niveles de PCR 3.12 frente a 2.25 p = 0.004.Conclusiones: el tratamiento con pravastatina más ezetimibe disminuye el grosor IMC con mejoría en las concentraciones de colesterol total, colesterol LDL y niveles de PCR, así como buena tolerancia.

[Depression, anxiety and suicide risk symptoms among medical residents over an academic year]. / Síntomas de depresión, ansiedad y riesgo de suicidio en médicos residentes durante un año académico.

BACKGROUND: One of the causes of dissatisfaction among residents is related to burnout syndrome, stress and depression. The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of depression, anxiety and suicide risk symptoms and its correlation with mental disorders among medical residents over an academic year. METHODS: 108 medical residents registered to second year of medical residence answered the Beck Depression Inventory, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Suicide Risk Scale of Plutchik: at the entry, six months later and at the end of the academic year. RESULTS: Residents reported low depressive symptoms (3.7 %), low anxiety symptoms (38 %) and 1.9 % of suicide risk at the beginning of the academic year, which increased in second measurement to 22.2 % for depression, 56.5 % for anxiety and 7.4 % for suicide risk. The statistical analysis showed significant differences between the three measurements (p < 0.001). The prevalence of depressive disorder was 4.6 % and no anxiety disorder was diagnosed. Almost all of the residents with depressive disorder had personal history of depression. None reported the work or academic environment as a trigger of the disorder. There was no association by specialty, sex or civil status. CONCLUSIONS: The residents that are susceptible to depression must be detected in order to receive timely attention if they develop depressive disorder.

Introducción: uno de los orígenes de la insatisfacción de los médicos residentes está relacionado con el síndrome de burnout, el estrés y la depresión. El objetivo es describir la prevalencia y las características clínicas de los síntomas de depresión, ansiedad y riesgo de suicidio y su correlación con trastorno mental en residentes de medicina a lo largo de un año académico. Métodos: se incluyeron 108 residentes de segundo año que respondieron el inventario de depresión de Beck, el inventario de ansiedad rasgo-estado y la escala de riesgo suicida de Plutchik al inicio del ciclo académico, así como seis y doce meses después. Resultados: en la primera medición se reportó una prevalencia de 3.7 % para síntomas de depresión, 38 % para síntomas de ansiedad y 1.9 % para riesgo de suicidio; a los seis meses la prevalencia aumentó a 22.2 % para depresión, 56.5 % para ansiedad y 7.4 % para riesgo de suicidio. El análisis estadístico mostró diferencias significativas entre las tres mediciones (p < 0.001). La prevalencia de trastorno depresivo fue de 4.6 %. Casi todos los residentes que desarrollaron trastorno depresivo tenían antecedente personal de depresión. El ambiente académico y laboral tuvo poca asociación con los trastornos. Conclusiones: es recomendable la detección de residentes con vulnerabilidad a la depresión con el objeto de que reciban atención oportuna en caso de que desarrollen trastorno depresivo.

[Risk factors related to surgical site infection in elective surgery]. / Factores de riesgo relacionados con infección del sitio quirúrgico en cirugía electiva.

BACKGROUND: The risk factors for surgical site infections in surgery should be measured and monitored from admission to 30 days after the surgical procedure, because 30% of Surgical Site Infection is detected when the patient was discharged. AIM: Calculate the Relative Risk of associated factors to surgical site infections in adult with elective surgery. METHODS: Patients were classified according to the surgery contamination degree; patient with surgery clean was defined as no exposed and patient with clean-contaminated or contaminated surgery was defined exposed. Risk factors for infection were classified as: inherent to the patient, pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative. Statistical analysis; we realized Student t or Mann-Whitney U, chi square for Relative Risk (RR) and multivariate analysis by Cox proportional hazards. RESULTS: Were monitored up to 30 days after surgery 403 patients (59.8% women), 35 (8.7%) developed surgical site infections. The factors associated in multivariate analysis were: smoking, RR of 3.21, underweight 3.4 hand washing unsuitable techniques 4.61, transfusion during the procedure 3.22, contaminated surgery 60, and intensive care stay 8 to 14 days 11.64, permanence of 1 to 3 days 2.4 and use of catheter 1 to 3 days 2.27. CONCLUSION: To avoid all risk factors is almost impossible; therefore close monitoring of elective surgery patients can prevent infectious complications.

Antecedentes: desde el ingreso del paciente hasta 30 días después del procedimiento quirúrgico es necesario identificar y vigilar los factores de riesgo de infección del sitio quirúrgico, debido a que 30% de esas infecciones se detectan cuando el paciente sale del hospital. Objetivo: calcular el riesgo relativo de los factores asociados con las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico en adultos con cirugía programada. Material y métodos: estudio de cohorte prospectiva de pacientes quirúrgicos clasificados según el grado de contaminación de la cirugía; expuesto si fue limpia-contaminada o contaminada, no expuesto si fue limpia. Los factores de riesgo estudiados fueron: los inherentes al paciente, pre-quirúrgicos, intraquirúrgicos y posquirúrgicos. El análisis bivariado se realizó con t de Student o U de Mann-Withney, ?2 para riesgo multivariado de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. Resultados: se estudiaron 403 pacientes durante 30 días después de operados (59.8% mujeres); 8.7% resultaron con infección del sitio quirúrgico. Los factores asociados con el análisis multivariado fueron: índice tabáquico con un riesgo relativo de 3.21, índice de masa corporal en bajo peso 3.4, técnica inadecuada de lavado de manos 4.61, transfusión durante la cirugía 3.22, cirugía contaminada 60, estancia de 8 a 14 días en terapia intensiva 11.64, permanencia 1 a 3 días con venoclisis 2.4 y con sonda vesical 1 a 3 días 2.27. Conclusión: es imposible evitar todos los factores de riesgo para infecciones del sitio quirúrgico; sin embargo, la vigilancia formal de los pacientes puede prevenir complicaciones.

[Hospital outbreak of urinary tract infections by lubricant gel contaminated with Burkholderia cepacia]. / Infecciones urinarias nosocomiales. Contaminación de gel con Burkholderia cepacia.

BACKGROUND: Burkholderia cepacia (B. cepacia) has been the causal agent of infectious hospital outbreaks. METHODS: a case-controls study was conducted to describe an outbreak of urinary tract infection associated to lubricant-gel contaminated with B. cepacia. Patients who developed UTIsc were included in this study. Their clinical data, urine cultures, antiobiograms and the molecular bacterial analysis were analyzed. RESULTS: the urine culture was positive in 101 (55.8 %); the bacterial strains isolated were: B. cepacia 30.7 %, Escherichia coli 22.7 %, Enterococcus faecalis 9.9 %, Enterococcus spp. 8.9 %. They were 31 patients with B. cepacia isolation that was taken as the cases group and 63 with UTIsc due to another organism as control group. The Charlson comorbidity index was 5.3 ± 1.8 for cases and 4.5 ± 1.2 for controls. The factors associated with death were: heart disease, diabetes, pneumonia, bacteremia and UTIsc B. cepacia. CONCLUSIONS: the lubricant gel used for urinary catheter placement originated the outbreak. Heart disease, pneumonia, bacteremia and UTIsc B. cepacia were related to patients' death.

[Clinical features and contagiousness of influenza A(H1N1) in health care workers and hospitalized patients in a Mexico City hospital]. / Características y contagiosidad de influenza A(H1N1) y estacional en trabajadores sanitarios y pacientes de un hospital en la ciudad de México.

INTRODUCTION: Respiratory infections increased in Mexico in 2009 due to an epidemic of influenza. METHODS: To compare symptoms and infectivity of influenza A(H1N1) and seasonal influenza we evaluated epidemiological data and microbiological sampling of health workers (HW) and patients who probably had influenza. RESULTS: From April to November 2009 we studied 83 HW (29 with influenza A(H1N1) and 8 with seasonal influenza) and 71 patients (26 and 11, respectively). The subtypes of influenza had similar clinical data. CONCLUSIONS: Fifteen patients with immunosuppression or chronic diseases developed fatal pneumonia; the infectivity was greater for influenza A(H1N1).

Características y contagiosidad de influenza A(H1N1) y estacional entrabajadores sanitarios y pacientes de un hospital en la ciudad de México / Clinical features and contagiousness of influenza A(H1N1) in health care workers and hospitalized patients in a Mexico city hospital

Introducción: En 2009 se incrementaron las infecciones respiratorias en México por una epidemia de influenza. Métodos: Para comparar sintomatología y contagiosidad de influenza A(H1N1) e influenza estacional recogimos, entre abril y noviembre de 2009, datos clínico-epidemiológicos y muestras microbiológicas de Trabajadores sanitarios (TS) y pacientes con probable influenza. Resultados: De 83 TS, 29 tuvieron influenza A(H1N1) y 8 estacional; de 71 pacientes 26 y 11 respectivamente. Observamos cuadro clínico similar en ambos subtipos de influenza. Conclusiones: Quince pacientes con inmuno supresión y con enfermedades crónicas desarrollaron neumonía fatal; la contagiosidad fue mayor para influenza A(H1N1) (AU)

Introduction: Respiratory infections increased in Mexico in 2009 due to an epidemic of influenza. Methods: To compare symptoms and infectivity of influenza A(H1N1) and seasonal influenza we evaluated epidemiological data and microbiological sampling of health workers (HW) and patients who probably had influenza. Results: From April to November 2009 we studied 83HW(29 with influenza A(H1N1) and 8 with seasonal influenza) and 71 patients (26 and 11, respectively). The subtypes of influenza had similar clinical data. Conclusions: Fifteen patients with immuno suppression or chronic diseases developed fatal pneumonia; the infectivity was greater for influenza A(H1N1) (AU)

[Autoantibodies in GAD65 in Mexican adults with diabetes types 1 and 2 and their siblings]. / Autoanticuerpos GAD65 en adultos mexicanos con diabetes tipos 1 y 2 y en sus familiares.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cell destruction causing type 1 diabetes is associated to diverse autoantibodies. Antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase have been found in type 1 (DM1) and type 2 diabetic patients (DM2). Their presence in siblings is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the presence of anti-GAD65 autoantibodies in diabetic patients and their siblings. PARTICIPANTS AND METHOD: Sixty-eight individuals were included and distributed in four groups: group 1 DM1, group 2 DM2, group 3 and 4 healthy siblings of patients from groups 1 and 2. Anti-GAD65, peptide C, serum glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides were obtained. Body mass index and hip-waist ratio were measured. RESULTS: Anti-GAD65 antibodies were positive in 23% of DM1, in 14% of DM2, and in 7.7% and 9.5% in siblings of both groups, respectively. Using Mann-Whitney's U the mean of anti-GAD65 in diabetic type 1 and 2 patients was p = 0.022; between DM1 and their siblings and between DM2 and their siblings there was no statistical significance. C peptide was low in cases of positive anti-GAD65 of DM1 and DM2; and it was normal in patients with negative anti-GAD65. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-GAD65 autoantibodies are more frequent in type 1 diabetic patients. There were no meaningful differences regarding the presence of anti-GAD65 in patients and their siblings.

[Method to calculate the additional hospital stay in patients with cross infection]. / Estimación de la estancia adicional en pacientes con infección hospitalaria.

OBJECTIVE: To calculate additional hospital stay due to specific cross infection. METHODS: Cases and controls study; matched by age +/- 2 years, sex, specialty in which were taken care, diagnosis, surgical procedure and hospitalization stay, between July 2005-June 2006. ANALYSIS: t test, chi(2) to calculate death risk, Kaplan-Meier analysis to calculate survival, Hosmer-Lemeshow test to know the contribution of cross infection for additional hospital stay due to cross infection (AHSDCI). RESULTS: We identified 851 patients with 1347 cross infection in 16 528 discharges. We could match 677. The cases stayed 25.42 days and the controls 13.29 (p < 0.01). The death risk for the cases was 5.8 (CI 95 % = 3.7-8.6, p < 0.01), four weeks survival 55.3 % for cases and 79.2 % for the controls. The AHSDCI for pneumonia was 10.39 days, urinary-tract-infection 6.28, bacteremia 8.92, vascular-catheter-related infection 3.31, surgical site infections 7.42, and skin and soft-tissue-infection 3.31 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We used a multivariate model fitted to patient's gravity and complexity to extract the proportion days of AHSDCI of each cross infection.

[Prevalence of allergic diseases in the elderly]. / Prevalencia de enfermedades alérgicas en adultos mayores.

BACKGROUND: A population aged 65 and over has been increasing in many countries, including Mexico. Allergic diseases are common in this age group, asthma prevalence has been reported between 2 and 17% in elderly people. There is no data about allergic diseases prevalence in elderly Mexican people. OBJECTIVE: To know the prevalence of some allergic diseases, allergen sensitization and total IgE serum concentration in a sample of subjects older than 60 years residents in Mexico City. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included 333 elderly subjects, were included 281 females (84%) and 52 males, with an age-average of 67.2 +/- 5.4, who were attending a social security recreative center. Medical files were made to each one elderly subject, including atopic personal history; skin tests were performed with 10 allergens, histamine and negative controls; and total serum IgE was measured by ELISA. Analysis was made with descriptive statistics, Spearman's coefficient and chi square. RESULTS: Allergic diseases were present in 10.8% of the subjects, asthma in 3.6%, allergic rhinitis in 3.6%, urticaria in 2.7%, atopic dermatitis in 0.6% and allergic conjunctivitis in 0.3%, 24% had data of adverse drug reactions and 6.9% referred venom insect hypersensitivity. Skin tests results were positive in 84 subjects (25.2%). In the group of 60-69 years it was observed a significant increase in IgE concentration (p < 0.01), we didn't find a significant correlation between IgE levels and both allergic symptoms and skin tests results. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of allergic diseases, total IgE levels and allergen sensitization in elderly people were similar to studies in other countries, but with a lower pattern than in younger Mexican population.

[Evaluation of Gastric Atrophy. Comparison between Sidney and OLGA Systems]. / Evaluación histopatológica de gastritis atrófica. Comparación de los sistemas Sidney y OLGA.

BACKGROUND: histopathologic identification of atrophy and metaplasia is decisive to stop the way of gastritis?carcinoma in patients with chronic gastritis. OBJECTIVE: to compare diagnostic concordance between Sidney system and the operative Link on Gastritis Assessment (OLGA) system. METHODS: 120 consecutive biopsies were analyzed by general pathologists according to the Sidney system. All of them were evaluated by a second pathologist who used OLGA System. We employed kappa index to evaluate diagnostic concordance between the classifications. RESULTS: the clinical picture includes dyspepsia (94 %), abdominal pain (50 %), gastroesophageal reflux (30 %), bleed of the upper digestive system (24 %), and presence of Helicobacter pylori (47.5 %). Four were diagnosed as atrophy by Sidney system and 26 cases with atrophy by OLGA system. The concordance between two classifications systems was too low (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: the atrophy diagnosis, between systems, had low concordance. The description of metaplastic atrophy in the OLGA system represents the only one difference. The non-metaplastic atrophy is the same for both classifications. Therefore, the general pathologist should include this evaluation more consistently using OLGA system.

Prevalencia de hipotiroidismo y anticuerpos antitiroglobulina en pacientes mexicanos con esclerosis sistémica / Systemic sclerosis and hypothyroidism

Objetivo: Investigar la prevalencia de hipotiroidismo y anticuerpos antitiroglobulina (AATg) en pacientes mexicanos con esclerosis sistémica (ES). Material y métodos: Se estudió la función tiroidea en pacientes con ES y controles. Se les determinaron los niveles séricos de triyodotironina, tiroxina, hormona estimulante de la tiroides (TSH) y AATg. Resultados: Fueron 110 pacientes (106 mujeres y 4 hombres), edad promedio de 48.1 ± 28.5 años, versus 80 controles (76 mujeres y 4 hombres), edad promedio 47.5 ± 28.8 años. El hipotiroidismo clínico se encontró en 19% de pacientes con ES y en 1.3% de los controles (p < 0.01). Las medianas respectivamente de triyodotironina en ES y controles fueron: 82 versus 160 ng/dl, p < 0.01; tiroxina 5.4 versus 7 ng/dl, p < 0.01; TSH 8.2 versus 1.1 μUI/ml, p < 0.001. El hipotiroidismo subclínico se observó en 35% de los pacientes con ES y en 0% de los controles. Los valores de TSH en ES y en controles fueron 7.2 versus 1.2 μUI/ml, p < 0.01; triyodotironina 116 versus 160 ng/dl, p ns; tiroxina 7 versus 7 ng/dl, p ns, respectivamente. Los AATg estuvieron presentes en 54% de los pacientes y 2.5% en el grupo control, p < 0.01. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con ES presentan elevada prevalencia de hipotiroidismo, especialmente subclínico, por lo que debe investigarse la función tiroidea para iniciar tratamiento oportuno.

OBJECTIVE: Assess the prevalence of hypothyroidism and anti-thyroglobuline antibodies (AbATg) among Mexican patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thyroid function was studied in SSs patients and controls. Triiodothyronine, thyroxine, thyroid stimulant hormone (TSH) and AbATg were measured. RESULTS: 110 SSc patients (106 women and 4 men), mean age 48.1 +/- 28.5 yrs versus 80 healthy controls (76 women and 4 men) with mean age 47.5 +/- 28.8 yrs were included. Hypothyroidism was diagnosed in 19% patients compared with 1.3% in the control group. The following results were found; triyodotironina: 82 ng/dl versus 160 ng/dl, p < 0.000; tiroxina: 5.4 ng/dl versus 7ng/dl, p < 0.01; TSH: 8.2 uUl/ mL versus 1.1 +/- 2 uUl/mL, p < 0.000. Subclinical hypothyroidism was observed in 35% patients versus 0% controls, TSH: 7.2 uUl/ml versus 1.2 +/- 1.4 uUl/ml, p < 0. 000; triyodotironina: 116 ng/dl compared with 160 ng/dl, p = ns; tiroxina: 7.0 ng/dl vs. 7.0 ng/dl, p ns; AbATg were positive in patients 54% and 2.5%, p < 0.001 in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reports a high prevalence of hypothyroidism among SSc Mexican patients, especially of the subclinical type. We need to consider hypothyroidism as a clinical entity often found among SSc patients, and start hormone replacment treatment accordingly.